List of battles by casualties

The following is a list of the casualty count in battles in world history. The list includes both sieges (not technically battles but usually yielding similar combat-related deaths) and civilian casualties during the battles. Large battle casualty counts are almost impossible to calculate precisely. Many of these figures are estimates, and, where possible, a range of estimates is presented. Figures display numbers of all types of casualties when available (killed, wounded, missing, and sick) but may only include number killed. Where possible, the list specifies whether or not prisoners are included in the count. This list does not include most bombing runs or missile strikes (such as the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki), which, despite potentially massive casualties, are not typically classified as "battles," since they are usually one-sided engagements. Tactical or strategic strikes, however, may form part of larger engagements which are themselves battles.

Classical formation battles[]

These refer to battles in which armies met on a single field of battle and fought each other for anywhere from one to several days. With more advanced weapons, military formations lost their impact and use of this type of battle died out in favor of grander military operations. Many of these battles are ancient, and in several cases, the few extant historical records differ, sometimes wildly, on casualties. Entries here use modern figures when available.

This list is sortable. Click the box next to a column heading to sort by that criterion.

Battle	Conflict	Casualties	Year
Battle of Qarqar	Assyrian Conquest of Syria	0,014,000 Perhaps 14,000^[1]	!9146 853 BC
Battle of Thermopylae	Greco-Persian Wars	0,022,300 22,300^[2]–22,500^[3] casualties	!9519 480 BC
Battle of Plataea	Greco-Persian Wars	0,051,500 51,500^[3]–257,000^[2]	!9520 479 BC
Battle of Chaeronea	Wars of Alexander the Great	0,020,000 At least 20,000^[4]	!9661 338 BC
Battle of the Granicus	Wars of Alexander the Great	0,015,000 At least 15,000^[4]	!9665 334 BC
Battle of Issus	Wars of Alexander the Great	0,050,450 50,450^[5]	!9666 333 BC
Battle of Gaugamela	Wars of Alexander the Great	0,053,500 53,500^[6]	!9668 331 BC
Battle of Yamen	Mongol conquest of the Song Dynasty	0,053,500 100,000+	!9668 1279
Battle of the Hydaspes	Wars of Alexander the Great	0,023,310 23,310^[6]	!9673 326 BC
Battle of Sentinum	Third Samnite War	0,033,500 33,500^[7]	!9704 295 BC
Battle of Heraclea	Pyrrhic War	0,011,000 11,000–26,000^[7]	!9719 280 BC
Battle of Kalinga	Maurya Empire	0,110,000 110,000^[8] - 1,000,000^[9]^[10] including civilians	!9737 262 BC
Battle of the Trebia	Second Punic War	0,035,000 35,000^[11]	!9781 218 BC
Battle of Lake Trasimene	Second Punic War	0,030,000 Over 30,000^[11]	!9782 217 BC
Battle of Cannae	Second Punic War	0,056,000 56,000^[12]–92,000 or more^[13]	!9783 216 BC
Battle of the Metaurus	Second Punic War	0,012,000 12,000^[14]	!9792 207 BC
Battle of Zama	Second Punic War	0,021,500 21,500^[14]	!9797 202 BC
Battle of Magnesia	Roman-Syrian War	0,053,350 53,350^[15]	!9809 190 BC
Battle of Pydna	Third Macedonian War	0,021,000 21,000^[15]	!9831 168 BC
Battle of Arausio	Germanic Wars (Cimbrian War)	0,084,000 84,000+ killed^[16]^[17]^[18]	!9894 105 BC
Battle of Carrhae	Roman–Persian Wars	0,024,000 24,000^[19]	!9946 53 BC
Battle of Pharsalus	Caesar's Civil War	0,017,000 17,000^[20]	!9951 48 BC
Battle of Teutoburg Forest	Roman-Germanic wars	0,020,000 20,000^[21]	#0009
Battle of Watling Street	Iceni Revolt	0,080,400 Reported as 80,400^[22]	#0061
Battle of Mons Graupius	Roman conquest of Britain	0,010,360 10,360^[23]	#0084
Battle of Chibi	Three Kingdoms	0,100,001 100,000+^[24]	#0208
Battle of Adrianople	Gothic War	0,040,000 Over 40,000^[25]	#0378
Battle of Fei	Wu Hu Era	0,150,001 150,000+^[26]	#0383
Battle of Salsu	Goguryeo-Sui Wars	0,302,300 302,300 casualties^[27]	#0612
Battle of Ullais	Muslim conquest of Persia	0,035,000 35,000^[28]	#0633
Battle of Yarmouk	Byzantine–Arab Wars	0,070,000 Perhaps 70,000^[29]	#0636
Battle of Anchialus	Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars	0,080,000 ~80,000 killed^[30]	#0917
Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa	Reconquista	0,060,000 Around 60,000^[31]	#1212
Battle of Leignitz	Mongol invasion of Poland	0,030,000 Over 30,000^[32]	#1241
Battle of Bannockburn	First War of Scottish Independence	0,019,000 Up to 19,000^[33]	#1314
Battle of the Terek River	Tokhtamysh–Timur war	0,100,000 About 100,000^[34]	#1395
Battle of Ankara	Ottoman–Timur War	0,015,000 At least 15,000^[35]	#1402
Battle of Grunwald	Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War	0,013,001 Over 13,000^[36]	#1410
Battle of Towton	Wars of the Roses	0,028,000 28,000^[37]	#1461
Battle of Ravenna	War of the League of Cambrai	0,013,500 13,500^[38]	#1512
Battle of Marignano	War of the League of Cambrai	0,011,000 11,000–15,000^[39]	#1515
Battle of Raydaniya	Ottoman wars in the Near East	0,013,000 13,000^[40]	#1517
First Battle of Panipat	Mughal Empire	0,020,000 20,000–50,000^[41]	#1526
Battle of Mohács	Ottoman–Hungarian Wars	0,030,000 Probably 30,000^[42]	#1526
Battle of Lepanto	Ottoman–Habsburg wars	0,022,566 22,566–27,566^[43]	#1571
Battle of Sekigahara	Sengoku Period	0,060,000 Perhaps up to 60,000^[44]	#1600
First Battle of Breitenfeld	Thirty Years' War	0,020,000 Over 20,000^[45]	#1631
Battle of Lützen	Thirty Years' War	0,011,000 11,000–14,000^[45]	#1632
Battle of Nördlingen	Thirty Years' War	0,017,000 17,000^[46]	#1634
Battle of the Downs	Eighty Years' War	0,015,000 Over 15,000^[47]	#1639
Battle of Landen	War of the Grand Alliance	0,028,000 28,000^[48]	#1693
Battle of Zenta	Ottoman–Habsburg wars	0,030,300 30,300^[49]	#1697
Battle of Blenheim	War of the Spanish Succession	0,032,000 32,000^[48]	#1704
Battle of Ramillies	War of the Spanish Succession	0,015,600 15,600^[50]	#1706
Battle of Malplaquet	War of the Spanish Succession	0,095,000 95,000^[50]	#1709
Battle of Fontenoy	War of the Austrian Succession	0,014,000 14,000^[51]	#1745
Battle of Leuthen	Seven Years' War	0,011,800 11,800^[52]	#1757
Battle of Arcole	War of the First Coalition	0,011,000 11,000^[53]	#1796
Battle of Marengo	War of the Second Coalition	0,016,400 16,400 Casualties^[54]	#1800
Ulm Campaign	War of the Third Coalition	0,011,500 11,500 Casualties^[54]	#1805
Battle of Austerlitz	War of the Third Coalition	0,024,300 24,300 Casualties^[55]	#1805
Battle of Jena-Auerstadt	War of the Third Coalition	0,052,000 52,000, including prisoners^[56]	#1806
Battle of Eylau	War of the Third Coalition	0,040,000 40,000^[56]	#1807
Battle of Wagram	War of the Fifth Coalition	0,077,000 77,000^[56]–79,000 casualties^[57]	#1809
Battle of Talavera	Peninsular War	0,013,900 13,900^[58]	#1809
Battle of Salamanca	Peninsular War	0,018,800 18,800^[59]	#1812
Battle of Borodino	French Invasion of Russia	0,074,000 74,000^[60]	#1812
Battle of Berezina	French Invasion of Russia	0,060,000 60,000^[60]	#1812
Battle of Vitoria	Peninsular War	0,013,000 13,000^[59]	#1813
Battle of Leipzig	War of the Sixth Coalition	0,124,000 124,000 Casualties^[61]	#1813
Battle of Ligny	Hundred Days	0,028,000 28,000^[62]	#1815
Battle of Waterloo	Hundred Days	0,047,000 47,000+ casualties^[63]^[64]	#1815
Battle of Inkerman	Crimean War	0,015,857 15,857^[65]	#1854
Battle of Shiloh	American Civil War	0,024,000 24,000^[66]	#1862
Battle of Antietam	American Civil War	0,023,000 23,000^[67]–26,193^[68]	#1862
Battle of Fredericksburg	American Civil War	0,017,300 17,300^[67]–17,962^[69]	#1862
Battle of Gettysburg	American Civil War	0,051,000 51,000^[70]^[71]	#1863
Battle of Chickamauga	American Civil War	0,034,000 ~34,000 Casualties^[72]	#1863
Battle of Königgrätz	Austro–Prussian War	0,047,500 47,500^[73]	#1866
Battle of Mars-la-Tour/Battle of Gravelotte	Franco–Prussian War	0,034,000 34,000^[73]	#1870
Battle of Sedan	Franco–Prussian War	0,200,900 200,900, including captured^[74]	#1870
Battle of Adowa	First Italo–Ethiopian War	0,017,300 17,300^[75]	#1896
Battle of Omdurman	Mahdist War	0,020,430 20,430^[76]	#1898
Battle of Mons/Battle of Le Cateau	World War I	0,018,000 18,000^[77]	#1914

Sieges and urban combat[]

This list includes sieges, as well as modern battles that were fought primarily in urban areas. Major military operations that included city fighting are listed below. Sieges and urban combat often include heavy civilian casualties, which are included in this list.

This list is sortable. Click the box next to a column heading to sort by that criterion.

Siege	Conflict	Casualties	Year
Siege of Sidon	Phoenician Rebellion Against Persia	0,040,000 Over 40,000^[78]	!9656 343 BC
Siege of Jerusalem	First Jewish–Roman War	0,060,000 ~60,000 to 1,100,000^[79]	#0070
Siege of Jerusalem	Roman–Persian Wars	0,070,000 ~70,000 to 90,000^[80]	#0614
Siege of Constantinople	Byzantine–Arab Wars	0,130,000 130,000–170,000^[29]	#0717–718
Siege of Jerusalem	First Crusade	0,040,000 ~40,000^[81]	#1099
Siege of Baghdad	Mongol invasions	0,080,000 80,000^[82]	#1258
Siege of Tenochtitlan	Spanish Conquest of Mexico	0,100,000 ~100,000 to 240,000^[83]^[84]	#1521
Siege of Rhodes	Ottoman wars in Europe	0,055,200 55,200^[40]	#1522
Siege of Malta	Ottoman wars in Europe	0,029,000 29,000^[49]–40,000^[85]	#1565
Siege of La Rochelle	French Wars of Religion	0,018,600 Over 18,600^[47]	#1627–28
Sack of Magdeburg	Thirty Years' War	0,020,000 20,000^[86]–25,000+^[87]	#1630
Siege of Vicksburg	American Civil War	0,019,000 19,000^[88]	#1863
Siege of Petersburg	American Civil War	0,070,000 70,000^[89]	#1864–65
Siege of Plevna	Russo–Turkish War	0,037,000 37,000^[90]	#1877
Siege of Port Arthur	Russo–Japanese War	0,100,000 100,000^[91]	#1904–05
Battle of Stalingrad	World War II	1,250,000 1,250,000^[92]–1,798,619^[93]	#1942–43
Siege of Leningrad	World War II	1,117,000 1,117,000^[94]^[95] – 4,500,000^[96]	#1941–44
Warsaw Uprising	World War II	0,200,000 200,000+ killed^[97]	#1944
Siege of Budapest	World War II	0,422,000 422,000^[98]	#1944–45
Battle of Berlin	World War II	1,298,745 1,298,745^[99]^[100]	#1945
Battle of Vukovar	Croatian War of Independence	0,005,000 5,000 - 20,000^[101]	#1991
Siege of Sarajevo	Bosnian War	0,072,000 12,000 killed, 50,000 wounded^[102]^[103]	#1992–96

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Major operations[]

This list includes major operations and prolonged battles or operations fought over a large area or for a long time.

Operation	Conflict	Casualties	Year
Six Days Campaign	War of the Sixth Coalition	0,080,000 80,000^[61]	#1814
Peninsula Campaign	American Civil War	0,036,463 36,463^[104]	#1862
Battle of Chancellorsville	American Civil War	0,030,000 30,000^[105]–30,500^[67]	#1863
Overland Campaign	American Civil War	0,087,000 87,000^[106]–92,000^[88]	#1864
Appomattox Campaign	American Civil War	0,016,500 16,500^[89]	#1865
Battle of Mukden	Russo–Japanese War	0,160,000 160,000^[107]	#1905
Rape of Belgium	World War I	0,032,000 32,000^[77]	#1914
Battle of Tannenberg	World War I	0,145,000 145,000^[108]–160,000^[109]	#1914
First Battle of the Marne	World War I	0,513,000 513,000^[110]	#1914
First Battle of Ypres	World War I	0,210,000 210,000^[111]	#1914
Battle of Łódź	World War I	0,130,000 130,000^[112]	#1914
Second Battle of Ypres	World War I	0,104,208 104,208^[113]–107,000^[114]	#1915
Gallipoli Campaign	World War I	0,503,000 503,000^[113]–552,000^[115]	#1915
Second Battle of Artois	World War I	0,186,000 186,000^[113]	#1915
Second Battle of Champagne/Third Battle of Artois	World War I	0,075,000 75,000^[114]–440,000^[113]	#1915
Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive	World War I	0,300,000 300,000^[113]	#1915
Battle of Verdun	World War I	0,755,000 755,000^[116]–976,000^[113]	#1916
Battle of Asiago	World War I	0,250,000 250,000^[113]	#1916
Brusilov Offensive	World War I	1,600,000 1,600,000^[113]	#1916
Battle of the Somme	World War I	1,120,000 1,120,000^[117]–1,215,000^[113]	#1916
Romanian Campaign	World War I	0,240,000 240,000^[113]	#1916
Nivelle Offensive	World War I	0,354,000 354,000^[118]	#1917
Battle of Messines	World War I	0,042,000 42,000^[119]^[120]	#1917
Tenth Battle of the Isonzo	World War I	0,200,000 200,000^[121]	#1917
Third Battle of Ypres	World War I	0,585,000 Over 585,000^[122]	#1917
Battle of Caporetto	World War I	0,060,000 60,000^[123]	#1917
Battle of Cambrai	World War I	0,095,000 95,000^[123]	#1917
Spring Offensive	World War I	0,900,000 900,000^[124]	#1918
Second Battle of the Marne	World War I	0,288,000 288,000^[124]	#1918
Battle of Warsaw	Polish–Soviet War	0,130,000 About 130,000, not including prisoners^[125]	#1920
Battle of Guadalajara	Spanish Civil War	0,012,000 12,000^[126]	#1937
Battle of Teruel	Spanish Civil War	0,110,000 110,000, including prisoners^[127]	#1937-38
Battle of the Ebro	Spanish Civil War	0,106,500 106,500^[127]	#1938
Battle of Khalkhin Gol	Soviet-Japanese Border Wars	0,042,000 42,000^[128]	#1939
Invasion of Poland	World War II	0,310,000 310,000^[129]	#1939
Winter War	World War II	0,152,000 152,000^[129]–225,000^[130]	#1939-40
Operation Weserübung	World War II	0,012,800 12,800^[129]	#1940
Battle of France	World War II	0,469,000 469,000^[131]	#1940
Greco-Italian War	World War II	0,100,000 100,000 dead^[132]	#1940-41
Battle of Greece	World War II	0,046,295 46,295 dead^[133]	#1941
Battle of Crete	World War II	0,016,007 16,007 dead ^[134]	#1941
Operation Barbarossa	World War II	1,400,000 1,400,000^[135]–5,000,000^[136]	#1941
Battle of Moscow	World War II	1,000,000 1,000,000^[135]	#1941
Battle of Hong Kong	World War II	0,018,000 18,000 including prisoners^[137]	#1941
Battle of Malaya/Battle of Singapore	World War II	0,143,800 143,800, and 60,000 prisoners^[138]	#1941–42
Battle of Bataan/Battle of Corregidor	World War II	0,030,000 30,000 killed^[139]	#1942
Battle of the Kerch Peninsula	World War II	0,176,000 Over 176,000^[140]	#1942
Second Battle of Kharkov	World War II	0,300,000 300,000^[140]	#1942
Battle of Gazala	World War II	0,148,000 148,000^[141]	#1942
Guadalcanal Campaign	World War II	0,031,100 31,100^[142]	#1942–43
Second Battle of El Alamein	World War II	0,039,400 39,400^[141]–82,500^[143]	#1942
Operation Iskra	World War II	0,129,332 129,332^[144]	#1943
Guadalcanal Campaign	World War II	0,029,100 29,100 dead^[145]	#1942-43
Battle of Kursk	World War II	0,257,125 257,125^[146]–388,000^[147]	#1943
Allied invasion of Sicily	World War II	0,036,000 At least 36,000 killed, and over 100,000 Italian POWs^[148]	#1943
Allied invasion of Italy	World War II	0,017,092 17,092 killed^[149]	#1943
Bougainville Campaign	World War II	0,021,929 21,929 killed, and 23,571 Japanese prisoners^[150]	#1943-45
Battle of Monte Cassino	World War II	0,185,000 185,000^[151]	#1944
Battle of Narva	World War II	0,550,000 550,000 all causes^[152]	#1944
Operation Shingle	World War II	0,052,200 52,200 killed^[153]	#1944
Normandy Landings	World War II	0,014,000 14,000 – 19,000^[154]	#1944
Invasion of Normandy	World War II	0,450,000 450,000^[155]	#1944
Battle of Saipan	World War II	0,043,500 43,500 killed, including mass suicides^[156]	#1944
Operation Bagration	World War II	0,528,000 528,000^[98]–1,430,000^[157]	#1944
Falaise Pocket	World War II	0,140,000 140,000^[155]	#1944
Operation Market Garden	World War II	0,027,200 27,200^[158]	#1944
Battle of Hürtgen Forest	World War II	0,063,000 63,000^[159]	#1944-45
Battle of Leyte Gulf	World War II	0,012,000 12,000 killed^[160]	#1944
Battle of the Bulge	World War II	0,186,369 186,369^[161]	#1944-45
Battle of Luzon	World War II	0,340,330 332,330-345,330, including sick^[162]	#1945
Battle of the Rhineland	World War II	0,082,000 82,000 and 250,000 prisoners^[163]	#1945
Battle of Iwo Jima	World War II	0,044,821 44,821^[164]–48,700^[165]	#1945
Battle of Okinawa	World War II	0,113,920 113,920^[166]–158,400^[167]	#1945
Arab–Israeli War	Arab–Israeli conflict	0,012,000 12,000–19,000^[168]	#1948–49
Liaoshen Campaign	Chinese Civil War	0,542,000 542,000, including captured^[169]	#1948
Huaihai Campaign	Chinese Civil War	0,689,000 689,000, including captured^[170]	#1948
Pingjin Campaign	Chinese Civil War	0,560,000 560,000, including captured^[171]	#1948–49
Battle of Incheon	Korean War	0,017,429 17,429^[172]	#1950
Invasion of North Korea	Korean War	0,051,700 51,700^[173]	#1950
Battle of Dien Bien Phu	First Indochina War	0,031,500 31,500, not including prisoners^[174]	#1954
Tet Offensive	Vietnam War	0,065,000 65,000^[175]	#1968
Easter Offensive	Vietnam War	0,150,000 150,000^[175]	#1972
Yom Kippur War	Arab–Israeli conflict	0,021,688 21,688, not including prisoners^[176]	#1973
Falklands War	Falklands War	0,014,095 14,095, including prisoners^[177]	#1982
1982 Lebanon War	Israeli–Lebanese conflict	0,018,500 18,500^[176]	#1982–85
Gulf War	Gulf War	0,025,678 25,678^[177]	#1991
Invasion of Iraq	Iraq War	0,034,543 34,543^[178]	#2003
Algerian War of Independence	Algerian War of Independence	0,025,678 800,000-1,500,000^[179]	#1954-1962

Notes[]

↑ Grant, p. 17
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Herodotus (440 BC). Histories.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Grant, p. 23
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Grant, p. 26
↑ Grant, p. 28
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Grant, p. 27
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Grant, p. 37
↑ Grant, p. 56
↑ Ashoka the Great (r. 272-231 BC), Edicts of Ashoka, Major Rock Edict 13.
↑ Radhakumud Mookerji (1988). Chandragupta Maurya and His Times. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 8120804058.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 Grant, p. 39
↑ Grant, p. 40
↑ Leonard Cottrell (1965). Enemy of Rome. Evans Bros. ISBN 0-237-44320-1.
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 Grant, p. 41
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 Grant, p. 31
↑ Valerius Antias (1st century BC). Manubiae.
↑ Albert A. Howard (1906). "Valerius Antias and Livy", Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 17, p. 161-182.
↑ Canon Rawlinson (1877). "On the Ethnography of the Cimbri", The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 6, p. 150-158.
↑ Grant, p. 43
↑ Grant, p. 47
↑ Wells, Peter S. The Battle that stopped Rome. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 2003, p. 187 ISBN 0-393-32643-8
↑ http://www.search.com/reference/Battle_of_Watling_Street
↑ Grant, p. 49
↑ Records of the Three kingdoms,
↑ Grant, p. 51
↑ Book of Jin,
↑ Book of Sui, Vol. 60.
↑ The Sword of Allah”: Chapter no: Chapter 22, by Lieutenant-General Agha Ibrahim Akram, Nat. Publishing. House, Rawalpindi (1970) ISBN 978-0-7101-0104-4.
↑ ^29.0 ^29.1 Grant, p. 74
↑ Халенбаков, О. Детска енциклопедия България: Златния век.
↑ Grant, p. 89
↑ Grant, p. 92
↑ Grant, p. 118
↑ Grant, p. 94
↑ Grant, p. 95
↑ Grant, p. 121
↑ The Military Campaigns of the Wars of the Roses Philip A. Haigh (Chap. 8)
↑ Grant, p. 144
↑ Grant, p. 145
↑ ^40.0 ^40.1 Grant, p. 129
↑ Grant, p. 136
↑ Grant, p. 132
↑ Grant, p. 134
↑ Grant, p. 175
↑ ^45.0 ^45.1 Grant, p. 151
↑ Grant, p. 152
↑ ^47.0 ^47.1 Grant, p. 149
↑ ^48.0 ^48.1 Grant, p. 159
↑ ^49.0 ^49.1 Grant, p. 133
↑ ^50.0 ^50.1 Grant, p. 160
↑ Grant, p. 161
↑ Grant, p. 186
↑ Grant, p. 199
↑ ^54.0 ^54.1 Grant, p. 201
↑ Grant, p. 202
↑ ^56.0 ^56.1 ^56.2 Grant, p. 205
↑ Castle, I. Aspern/Wagram (1809), Osprey (1990)
↑ Grant, p. 208
↑ ^59.0 ^59.1 Grant, p. 209
↑ ^60.0 ^60.1 Grant, p. 212
↑ ^61.0 ^61.1 Grant, p. 213
↑ Grant, p. 214
↑ Barbero, pp 419-420 Barbero, Alessandro (2005). The Battle: A New History of Waterloo. Atlantic Books. ISBN 1-84354-310-9
↑ Grant, p. 215
↑ Grant, p. 260
↑ Grant, p. 226
↑ ^67.0 ^67.1 ^67.2 Grant, p. 227
↑ Brewer, p. 36
↑ Brewer, p. 38
↑ Brewer, p. 46
↑ Grant, p. 228
↑ Brewer, p. 48
↑ ^73.0 ^73.1 Grant, p. 258
↑ Grant, p. 259
↑ Grant, p. 240
↑ Grant, p. 241
↑ ^77.0 ^77.1 Grant, p. 270
↑ "Artaxerxes III Ochus ( 358 BC to 338 BC )". http://persianempire.info/ArtaxerxesIII.htm. Retrieved 2 March 2008.
↑ Josephus, The Wars of the Jews VI.9.3
↑ Antiochus Strategos, The Capture of Jerusalem by the Persians in 614 AD, F. C. Conybeare, English Historical Review 25 (1910) pp. 502-517.
↑ Paul Tobin http://web.archive.org/20011230145518/www.geocities.com/paulntobin/crusades.html
↑ Grant, p. 93
↑ Mann, p. 143
↑ Hassig
↑ Arnold Cassola, The 1565 Ottoman Malta Campaign Register, (Publishers Enterprise Group: Malta, 1998), p. 111.
↑ Grant, p. 150
↑ Firoozi, Edith, and Ira N. Klein. Universal History of the World: The Age of Great Kings. Vol. 9. New York: Golden Press, 1966. pp. 738-739.
↑ ^88.0 ^88.1 Grant, p. 230
↑ ^89.0 ^89.1 Grant, p. 231
↑ Grant, p. 263
↑ Grant, p. 252
↑ Grant, p. 308
↑ Wagner, p. 528
↑ Сведения городской комиссии по установлению и расследованию злодеяний немецко-фашистских захватчиков и их сообщников о числе погибшего в Ленинграде населения ЦГА СПб, Ф.8357. Оп.6. Д. 1108 Л. 46-47
↑ Harrison Evans Salisbury (1969). The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad. Da Capo Press.
↑ Glantz, David (2001), The Siege of Leningrad 1941–44: 900 Days of Terror, Zenith Press, Osceola, WI, ISBN 0-7603-0941-8. p. 220
↑ World War 2: Warsaw Uprising :: FAQ
↑ ^98.0 ^98.1 Grant, p. 318
↑ Glantz, p. 271
↑ Krivosheev, pp. 219–220
↑ [1]
↑ [2]
↑ "From Sarajevo to Hollywood: Life under siege". The Independent (London). 1 September 2008. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/from-sarajevo-to-hollywood-life-under-siege-914554.html. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
↑ Brewer, p. 33
↑ Brewer, p. 42
↑ Brewer, p. 53
↑ Grant, p. 253
↑ Brewer, p. 99
↑ Grant, p. 271
↑ Brewer, p. 100
↑ Grant, p. 272
↑ Brewer, p. 110
↑ ^113.0 ^113.1 ^113.2 ^113.3 ^113.4 ^113.5 ^113.6 ^113.7 ^113.8 ^113.9 Brewer, p. 142
↑ ^114.0 ^114.1 Grant, p. 273
↑ Grant, p. 282
↑ Grant, p. 276
↑ Grant, p. 279
↑ Grant, p. 277
↑ Brewer, p. 150
↑ Grant, p. 280
↑ Brewer, p. 151
↑ Brewer, p. 152
↑ ^123.0 ^123.1 Grant, p. 281
↑ ^124.0 ^124.1 Grant, p. 286
↑ Grant, p. 292
↑ Grant, p. 294
↑ ^127.0 ^127.1 Grant, p. 295
↑ Grant, p. 293
↑ ^129.0 ^129.1 ^129.2 Grant, p. 298
↑ Wagner, p. 437
↑ Grant, p. 299
↑ Wagner, p. 462
↑ Wagner, p. 474
↑ Wagner, p. 479
↑ ^135.0 ^135.1 Grant, p. 306
↑ Wagner, p. 480
↑ Grant, p. 323
↑ Wagner, p. 502
↑ Wagner, p. 499
↑ ^140.0 ^140.1 Erickson, p. 90
↑ ^141.0 ^141.1 Grant, p. 302
↑ Grant, p. 326
↑ Wagner, p. 531
↑ Erickson, p. 138
↑ Wagner, p. 522
↑ Wagner, p. 547
↑ Grant, p. 307
↑ Wagner, p. 550
↑ Wagner, p. 555
↑ Wagner, p. 560
↑ Grant, p. 303
↑ Mart Laar (2006) (in Estonian). Sinimäed 1944: II maailmasõja lahingud Kirde-Eestis (Sinimäed Hills 1944: Battles of World War II in Northeast Estonia). Tallinn: Varrak.
↑ Wagner, p. 567
↑ Wagner, p. 580
↑ ^155.0 ^155.1 Grant, p. 316
↑ Wagner, p. 587
↑ Brewer, p. 306
↑ Wagner, p. 592
↑ Wagner, p. 594
↑ Wagner, p. 596
↑ Wagner, p. 600
↑ Wagner, p. 606
↑ Grant, p. 317
↑ Wagner, p. 608
↑ Grant, p. 328
↑ Wagner, p. 612
↑ Grant, p. 329
↑ Grant, p. 344
↑ 辽沈战役
↑ 粟裕與淮海戰役, p.5
↑ 改寫平津歷史？？平津戰役
↑ Grant, p. 334
↑ Grant, p. 335
↑ Grant, p. 338
↑ ^175.0 ^175.1 Grant, p. 341
↑ ^176.0 ^176.1 Grant, p. 345
↑ ^177.0 ^177.1 Grant, p. 351
↑ Grant, p. 353
↑ http://www.amazon.com/dp/1590172183/

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Erickson, John (2001). Hitler versus Stalin: The Second World War on the Eastern Front in Photographs. London: Carlton Books. ISBN 1842222600. http://books.google.com/books?id=6usGAAAACAAJ&ei=N9uJSYDvG4TMlQSA9uGeAg.
Glantz, David M. (1998). When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0700608990. http://books.google.com/books?id=Zv9nAAAAMAAJ&q=when+titans+clashed&ei=XtuJSdr6IY3qkQTc64iAAg&pgis=1.
Grant, R. G. (2005). Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0756613604. http://books.google.com/books?id=iU-pAQAACAAJ&ei=OtqJSa-lLJTUlQTVuu3rAQ.
Hassig, Ross (1994). Mexico and the Spanish Conquest. New York: Longman. http://books.google.com/books?id=u2fcDIn41cIC.
Krivosheev, G. F. (1997). Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century. Greenhill Books. ISBN 1-85367-280-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=tLkHAAAACAAJ&ei=vduJSaauKZTElQSd1qSZAg.
Mann, Charles (2005). 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus. New York: Vintage Books. http://books.google.com/books?id=XnELAAAAYAAJ&q=1491:+New+Revelations&ei=5duJSb-MOpCQkQSWi7C0Ag&pgis=1.
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《雪白血红》張正隆解放軍出版社 1989年8月 ISBN 7-01-000381-5/ISBN 7-01-000413-7
辽沈战役
粟裕與淮海戰役
改寫平津歷史？？平津戰役
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es:Las batallas más sangrientas de la historia mundial

This article uses Creative Commons licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).

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[Herodotus-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Herodotus (440 BC). Histories.

[Grant23-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Grant, p. 23

[Grant26-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Grant, p. 26

[5] Grant, p. 28

[Grant27-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Grant, p. 27

[Grant37-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Grant, p. 37

[8] Grant, p. 56

[9] Ashoka the Great (r. 272-231 BC), Edicts of Ashoka, Major Rock Edict 13.

[10] Radhakumud Mookerji (1988). Chandragupta Maurya and His Times. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 8120804058.

[Grant39-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Grant, p. 39

[12] Grant, p. 40

[13] Leonard Cottrell (1965). Enemy of Rome. Evans Bros. ISBN 0-237-44320-1.

[Grant41-14] 14.0 ^14.1 Grant, p. 41

[Grant31-15] 15.0 ^15.1 Grant, p. 31

[16] Valerius Antias (1st century BC). Manubiae.

[17] Albert A. Howard (1906). "Valerius Antias and Livy", Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 17, p. 161-182.

[18] Canon Rawlinson (1877). "On the Ethnography of the Cimbri", The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 6, p. 150-158.

[19] Grant, p. 43

[20] Grant, p. 47

[21] Wells, Peter S. The Battle that stopped Rome. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 2003, p. 187 ISBN 0-393-32643-8

[22] ttp://www.search.com/reference/Battle_of_Watling_Street

[23] Grant, p. 49

[24] Records of the Three kingdoms,

[25] Grant, p. 51

[26] Book of Jin,

[27] Book of Sui, Vol. 60.

[28] The Sword of Allah”: Chapter no: Chapter 22, by Lieutenant-General Agha Ibrahim Akram, Nat. Publishing. House, Rawalpindi (1970) ISBN 978-0-7101-0104-4.

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[30] Халенбаков, О. Детска енциклопедия България: Златния век.

[31] Grant, p. 89

[32] Grant, p. 92

[33] Grant, p. 118

[34] Grant, p. 94

[35] Grant, p. 95

[36] Grant, p. 121

[37] The Military Campaigns of the Wars of the Roses Philip A. Haigh (Chap. 8)

[38] Grant, p. 144

[39] Grant, p. 145

[Grant129-40] 40.0 ^40.1 Grant, p. 129

[41] Grant, p. 136

[42] Grant, p. 132

[43] Grant, p. 134

[44] Grant, p. 175

[Grant151-45] 45.0 ^45.1 Grant, p. 151

[Grant152-46] Grant, p. 152

[Grant149-47] 47.0 ^47.1 Grant, p. 149

[Grant159-48] 48.0 ^48.1 Grant, p. 159

[Grant133-49] 49.0 ^49.1 Grant, p. 133

[Grant160-50] 50.0 ^50.1 Grant, p. 160

[51] Grant, p. 161

[52] Grant, p. 186

[53] Grant, p. 199

[Grant201-54] 54.0 ^54.1 Grant, p. 201

[55] Grant, p. 202

[Grant205-56] 56.0 ^56.1 ^56.2 Grant, p. 205

[Wagram-57] Castle, I. Aspern/Wagram (1809), Osprey (1990)

[58] Grant, p. 208

[Grant209-59] 59.0 ^59.1 Grant, p. 209

[Grant212-60] 60.0 ^60.1 Grant, p. 212

[Grant213-61] 61.0 ^61.1 Grant, p. 213

[Grant214-62] Grant, p. 214

[63] Barbero, pp 419-420 Barbero, Alessandro (2005). The Battle: A New History of Waterloo. Atlantic Books. ISBN 1-84354-310-9

[64] Grant, p. 215

[65] Grant, p. 260

[66] Grant, p. 226

[Grant227-67] 67.0 ^67.1 ^67.2 Grant, p. 227

[68] Brewer, p. 36

[69] Brewer, p. 38

[70] Brewer, p. 46

[71] Grant, p. 228

[72] Brewer, p. 48

[Grant258-73] 73.0 ^73.1 Grant, p. 258

[Grant259-74] Grant, p. 259

[75] Grant, p. 240

[76] Grant, p. 241

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[josephus-wars-vi-9-79] Josephus, The Wars of the Jews VI.9.3

[80] Antiochus Strategos, The Capture of Jerusalem by the Persians in 614 AD, F. C. Conybeare, English Historical Review 25 (1910) pp. 502-517.

[81] Paul Tobin http://web.archive.org/20011230145518/www.geocities.com/paulntobin/crusades.html

[82] Grant, p. 93

[83] Mann, p. 143

[84] Hassig

[85] Arnold Cassola, The 1565 Ottoman Malta Campaign Register, (Publishers Enterprise Group: Malta, 1998), p. 111.

[86] Grant, p. 150

[87] Firoozi, Edith, and Ira N. Klein. Universal History of the World: The Age of Great Kings. Vol. 9. New York: Golden Press, 1966. pp. 738-739.

[Grant230-88] 88.0 ^88.1 Grant, p. 230

[Grant231-89] 89.0 ^89.1 Grant, p. 231

[90] Grant, p. 263

[91] Grant, p. 252

[92] Grant, p. 308

[93] Wagner, p. 528

[94] Сведения городской комиссии по установлению и расследованию злодеяний немецко-фашистских захватчиков и их сообщников о числе погибшего в Ленинграде населения ЦГА СПб, Ф.8357. Оп.6. Д. 1108 Л. 46-47

[Harvnb-95] Harrison Evans Salisbury (1969). The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad. Da Capo Press.

[96] Glantz, David (2001), The Siege of Leningrad 1941–44: 900 Days of Terror, Zenith Press, Osceola, WI, ISBN 0-7603-0941-8. p. 220

[97] World War 2: Warsaw Uprising :: FAQ

[Grant318-98] 98.0 ^98.1 Grant, p. 318

[99] Glantz, p. 271

[100] Krivosheev, pp. 219–220

[101] [1]

[102] [2]

[103] "From Sarajevo to Hollywood: Life under siege". The Independent (London). 1 September 2008. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/from-sarajevo-to-hollywood-life-under-siege-914554.html. Retrieved 27 March 2010.

[104] Brewer, p. 33

[105] Brewer, p. 42

[106] Brewer, p. 53

[107] Grant, p. 253

[108] Brewer, p. 99

[109] Grant, p. 271

[110] Brewer, p. 100

[111] Grant, p. 272

[112] Brewer, p. 110

[Brewer-113] 113.0 ^113.1 ^113.2 ^113.3 ^113.4 ^113.5 ^113.6 ^113.7 ^113.8 ^113.9 Brewer, p. 142

[Grant273-114] 114.0 ^114.1 Grant, p. 273

[115] Grant, p. 282

[116] Grant, p. 276

[117] Grant, p. 279

[118] Grant, p. 277

[119] Brewer, p. 150

[120] Grant, p. 280

[121] Brewer, p. 151

[122] Brewer, p. 152

[Grant281-123] 123.0 ^123.1 Grant, p. 281

[Grant286-124] 124.0 ^124.1 Grant, p. 286

[125] Grant, p. 292

[126] Grant, p. 294

[Grant295-127] 127.0 ^127.1 Grant, p. 295

[128] Grant, p. 293

[Grant298-129] 129.0 ^129.1 ^129.2 Grant, p. 298

[130] Wagner, p. 437

[131] Grant, p. 299

[132] Wagner, p. 462

[133] Wagner, p. 474

[134] Wagner, p. 479

[Grant306-135] 135.0 ^135.1 Grant, p. 306

[136] Wagner, p. 480

[Grant323-137] Grant, p. 323

[138] Wagner, p. 502

[139] Wagner, p. 499

[Erickson90-140] 140.0 ^140.1 Erickson, p. 90

[Grant302-141] 141.0 ^141.1 Grant, p. 302

[142] Grant, p. 326

[143] Wagner, p. 531

[144] Erickson, p. 138

[145] Wagner, p. 522

[146] Wagner, p. 547

[147] Grant, p. 307

[148] Wagner, p. 550

[149] Wagner, p. 555

[150] Wagner, p. 560

[151] Grant, p. 303

[laar-152] Mart Laar (2006) (in Estonian). Sinimäed 1944: II maailmasõja lahingud Kirde-Eestis (Sinimäed Hills 1944: Battles of World War II in Northeast Estonia). Tallinn: Varrak.

[153] Wagner, p. 567

[154] Wagner, p. 580

[Grant316-155] 155.0 ^155.1 Grant, p. 316

[156] Wagner, p. 587

[157] Brewer, p. 306

[158] Wagner, p. 592

[159] Wagner, p. 594

[160] Wagner, p. 596

[161] Wagner, p. 600

[162] Wagner, p. 606

[163] Grant, p. 317

[164] Wagner, p. 608

[165] Grant, p. 328

[166] Wagner, p. 612

[167] Grant, p. 329

[168] Grant, p. 344

[169] 辽沈战役

[170] 粟裕與淮海戰役, p.5

[171] 改寫平津歷史？？平津戰役

[172] Grant, p. 334

[173] Grant, p. 335

[Grant338-174] Grant, p. 338

[Grant341-175] 175.0 ^175.1 Grant, p. 341

[Grant345-176] 176.0 ^176.1 Grant, p. 345

[Grant351-177] 177.0 ^177.1 Grant, p. 351

[178] Grant, p. 353

[179] ttp://www.amazon.com/dp/1590172183/

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